一目一词的阅读方式不仅速度慢,而且影响理解,无法形成完整的概念,效率高的读者总是将眼睛从一组词移向另一组词,即一个意群一个意群地阅读。如:/The first coins minted /were handed /to the president\\'s wife, Martha Washington /by the first Director of the Mint,/David Rittenhouse,/
2、猜测词义和查字典有机结合
猜测词义是提高阅读速度的有效手段。通常可以通过以下方式进行:
1)上下文线索
作者有时知道某个词对大多数读者来说是陌生的,为了使这个词便于理解,作者会将这个词的定义包含在每一个句子中。如:The harbor is protected by a jetty——a wall built out into the water. 从“a wall built out into the water”可以推断出“jetty”的意思为“防波堤”。
有时对于不熟悉的词,会通过上下文中的复述,举例,比较,对照等一些线索和提示推断出来。如: She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.从“and other diseases of the eye ”可以推断出“glaucoma”为一种眼病(青光眼)
2)常识
凭借自己的经验或对某一问题的常识,许多单词的词义可以猜出来。如:The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. 根据常识可以推断出lintel的词义是“门楣”。
这些词在句子中、句子之间或段落之间起连接作用。文章靠它们起承转合。这些词大致分为三类。一为表示各种关系的词语,如表示并列关系的 and ,in addition ,besides等;表示因果关系的so ,therefore ,as a result, because ,owing to 等;表示比较关系的similarly ,likewise ,on the contrary ,in contrast to 等;表示转折关系的but, although等;表示条件关系的if,unless ,even if 等。二为表示作者态度的词语,如表示假设或怀疑的perhaps, maybe等;表示强调的above all ,actually ,really 等。三为表示叙述次序的词语,如表示次序的first, finally,later 等;表示重述的for example ,that is ,namely 等。
Unlike the real world ,where personalities are complex, motives unclear, and outcomes ambiguous, television presents a world of clarity and simplicity.
通过分析,television是句子的主语,presents 是谓语,a world of clarity and simplicity 是宾语。Unlike the real world为介词短语做状语,在where引导的非限定性定语从句中,personalities are complex ,motives(are)unclear,和outcomes(are) ambiguous为并列成分,句子含义一目了然。
Americans make no distinction in greeting friends,acquaintances ,elders, or superiors.When Americans see someone they know only by sight ,they are likely to say \"Hi\" in all cases.This does not mean that they have no more regard for friends than for casual acquaintances .It only means that \"Hi\" serves as greeting for both .